Blood Pressure free essay sample

What supports the diagnosis of chronic renal failure instead of acute renal failure? Give reasons from George’s history; his signs/symptoms. The terms acute and chronic are terms used by medical specialist to describe the amount of time that the illness as lasted. Chronic meaning a long time such as a month or longer while acute means a short period of time from days up to a couple of weeks. So the fact that George began noticing issues with his blood pressure being harder to control then normally lasting over a month indicates that is when the renal issues began. One of the function of the kidneys is to regulate blood volume and pressure. With this information the diagnosis of Chronic renal failure was warranted. Which of the blood test results are abnormal? Why would chronic kidney failure cause these abnormal results? The test results that are abnormal are the RBC and Hgb. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pressure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Georges test results for RBC were 3. 8 million cells/mcL but the normal results for an adult male would be between 4. 2 and 5. 9. His results for Hgb was 11. 0 gm/dL but the normal for an adult male is 13. 5. With both hemoglobin and RBC being low this would indicate anemia which is a indication that the kidneys are not producing enough erythropoiten which causing decrease production of the red blood cells. Module 06 Written Assignment 3 Which of the urine test results are abnormal? Why does chronic kidney failure cause these abnormal results? The GFR results for George were 45 mL/min/1. 73m but the normal range is 90-130. This test measures how well the kidneys are handling waste. Also Georges creatine results were 3g/24hr but the normal is 102g/24. The protien levels for George were 3g/24hr but the normal range is trace-0 -150mg/24hr. This would indicate that George is in stage three kidney failure. Increase urine creatinine and protein in the urine signifies damage to kidney’s filtration units. (kidney)(stress) (Gould, B. E. , pg 196-197, 2011) If George was in the second stage of chronic renal failure, what percent of his nephrons have been lost? What changes will be seen in the GFR; urination; and percent of nephrons lost when George reaches end-stage renal failure? The amount of nephrons that would be lost if George was in the second stage of chronic renal failure would be about 75% loss. At the end stage of chronic renal failure there would be a loss of more then 90% of nephorons and his GFR levels would be so low that they would not be readable. Blood would become toxic due to fluid, electrolytes and wastes are retained causing an impact on all body systems. Marked oliguria (scant) to none (anuria) would develop. (Gould, B. E. , pg. 460, 2011). At this point due to the fluid, wastes, and electrolytes being built up the blood would turn toxic and then impact all the systems of the body. Georges kidneys will fail and without transplant or dialysis on a regular basis, his life would be in danger. Module 06 Written Assignment 4 How will George’s condition be treated? Is it curable? First the doctor would focus on lowering Georges blood pressure as this is a stress on the kidneys. The doctor would then focus on decreasing the progression of the chronic renal failure. He would be given a blood pressure medication and implement lifestyle changes. Some of these changes would be diet, exercise, and measures to reduce stress such as education about blood pressure and possibly encouraging taking some time off of work. For the anemia the doctor folic acid, iron, and B12. He would also encourage George to eat foods rich in these minerals. As for is this curable, no it is not but it can be treated. Which Electrolyte? Which electrolyte balance was diagnosed? Which lab results support this diagnosis? Is there anything else in Betty’s history that would support this diagnosis? Normal Magnesium levels range from 0. 7 to 1. 1 mmol per liter. Bettys levels were 3 mEq/L which would indicate she has Hypermagnesemia. Neuromuscular toxicity is the most consistently observed complication of hypermagnesemia. Increased magnesium decreases impulse transmission across the neuromuscular junction producing the â€Å"pins and needles† feeling Betty has been experiencing in her legs. What foods would the doctor recommend Betty eat? Why? The doctor may advise limiting certain foods: most nuts and nut butters; soybeans, tofu, lentils, kidney Module 6 5 beans and pinto beans; collard greens, kale, spinach, avocados and potatoes with the skin on; millet, brown rice, bran, wheat germ, oatmeal and whole wheat bread; dried apricots, raisins and bananas; and milk, yogurt, chocolate and cocoa powder. The doctor would advice Betty to eat grains that are highly refined or boiled are typically low in magnesium, such as boiled macaroni, boiled white rice, white flour products and pastries. Many fruits are low in magnesium, including raspberries, cantaloupe, cherries, strawberries, plums, peaches, oranges, pineapple, grapefruit, apples, pears, cranberries, and grapes. Boiled vegetables including peas, broccoli, cauliflower, and potatoes without the skin are encouraged, as well as carrots, mushrooms, onions, eggplant, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumber and asparagus. Finally, lean meats such as roast pork, grilled lamb, ham, and roast beef are good protein sources. (Wyman 2013) What medication/supplement might the doctor prescribe? Why would it probably only be needed for a short period of time? Calcium may be given by the doctor because of the effects that high levels of magnesium can have on the heart and the fact the Betty is a heart patient. But because her levels are not currently high and at the lower end of the spectrum the doctor would not keep her on this medication for a long period of time. Why is it important for Betty to be on furosemide for her Congestive Heart Failure? What does this drug do? Furosemide is a diuretic used to keep fluid from building up around the heart. Betty suffers from congestive heart failure which is caused by fluid build up surrounding the heart. So it is very Module 6 6 important that Betty remains on the Furosemide to prevent this from happening. If Betty asks you why this electrolyte is important, what would you tell her? Electrolytes maintain the electric voltage throughout your cells so that signals can pass easily. Several bodily functions are dependent on this electrical communication that electrolytes help carry. They include regulating nerve and muscle function, acidity levels and fluid levels. An imbalance of electrolytes have dire consequences. For example, bicarbonate is an electrolyte that is responsible for regulating muscles like the heart. Insufficient levels of bicarbonate would result in irregular heart beats, which may be fatal.

Ross Barnett, Segregationist Governor of Mississippi

Ross Barnett, Segregationist Governor of Mississippi Ross Barnett (January 22, 1898–November 6, 1987) served one term as Mississippis governor, but he remains as one of the states most well-known chief executives due in large part to his willingness to imprison civil rights protesters, defy federal law, incite insurrection, and function as a mouthpiece for the Mississippi white supremacist movement. Despite the jingle used by his supporters during his anti-integration years (Ross is standing like Gibraltar; / he will never falter), Barnett was, in reality, always willing to harm others to advance his own political interests when it was safe to do so, but surprisingly docile and submissive when the possibility emerged that he might himself have to spend time in prison. Fast Facts: Ross Barnett Known For: 53rd governor of Mississippi who clashed with civil rights activists and tried to bar James Meredith, an African-American, from enrolling at the University of MississippiBorn:  January 22, 1898, in Standing Pine, MississippiParents: John William, Virginia Ann Chadwick BarnettDied: November 6, 1987, in Jackson, MississippiEducation: Mississippi College (graduated, 1922), Mississippi Law School (LLB, 1929)Awards and Honors: Mississippi Bar Association president (elected 1943)Spouse: Pearl Crawford  (m. 1929–1982)Children: Ross Barnett Jr., two daughtersNotable Quote: I have said in every county in Mississippi that no school in our state will be integrated while I am your governor. I repeat to you tonight: no school in our state will be integrated while I am your governor. There is no case in history where the Caucasian race has survived social integration. We will not drink from the cup of genocide. Early Years and Education Barnett was born on January 22, 1898, in Standing Pine, Mississippi, the youngest of 10 children of John William Barnett, a  Confederate  veteran, and Virginia Ann Chadwick. Barnett served in the U.S. Army during World War I. He then worked a series of odd jobs while attending Mississippi College in Clinton before earning a degree from the school in 1922. He later attended the University of Mississippi Law School and graduated with an LLB in 1929, the same year he married schoolteacher Mary Pearl Crawford. They eventually had two daughters and a son. Law Career Barnett started his law career with relatively minor cases. I represented a man in a replevin case for a cow and actually won it, he told the University of Southern Mississippis Center for Oral History Cultural Heritage. He paid me $2.50. (Replevin refers to a legal action whereby a person seeks to have his property returned to him.) In his second case, Barnett represented a woman suing for the cost of a side saddle ($12.50), which had been taken by her ex-husband. He lost that case. Despite this early setback, during the course of the next quarter-century, Barnett became one of the states most successful trial lawyers, earning more than $100,000 per year, funds that would later help him launch his political career. In 1943, Barnett was elected president of the Mississippi Bar Association and served in that post until 1944. Early Politics Barnetts older brother Bert actually sparked Ross Barnetts interest in politics. Bert Barnett was twice elected to the position of chancery clerk of Leake County, Mississippi. He then successfully ran for a state senate seat representing Leake and Neshoba counties. Ross Barnett recalled the experience years later: I got to liking politics pretty well, following him around- helping him in his campaigns. Unlike his brother, Barnett never ran for any state or local offices. But with the encouragement of friends and former classmates- and after decades of practicing law and a successful stint overseeing the states bar association- Barnett ran, unsuccessfully, for governor of Mississippi in 1951 and 1955. The third time was a charm, though, and Barnett was elected governor of the state after running on a white separatist platform in 1959. Governorship Barnetts single term as governor was marked by conflicts with civil rights activists who protested in the state. In 1961, he ordered the arrest and detention of approximately 300 Freedom Riders when they arrived in Jackson, Mississippi. He also began secretly funding the White Citizens Council with state money that year, under the auspices of the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission. Meredith Crisis In 1962, Barnett tried to prevent the enrollment of James Meredith at the University of Mississippi. On September 10 of that year, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the university must admit Meredith, an African-American, as a student. On. Sept. 26, Barnett ordered state troopers to prevent Meredith from entering the campus. Between Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, riots erupted over Merediths pending enrollment. President John F. Kennedy ordered U.S. marshals to Mississippi to ensure Merediths safety and allow him to enter the school. Barnett relented on Oct. 1 after the marshals threatened to arrest him, and Meredith became a student at the school known as Ole Miss. Barnett left office at the end of his term in 1964. Later Years and Death Barnett resumed his law practice after leaving office but stayed active in state politics. During the 1964 trial of Mississippi NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers murderer Byron de la Beckwith, Barnett interrupted the testimony of Evers widow to shake Beckwiths hand in solidarity, eliminating whatever slim chance there might have been that jurors would have convicted Beckwith. (Beckwith was finally convicted in 1994.) Barnett ran for governor a fourth and final time in 1967 but lost. Years later, in 1983, Barnett surprised many by riding in a Jackson parade commemorating the life and work of Evers. Barnett died on Nov. 6, 1987, in Jackson, Mississippi. Legacy Although Barnett is most remembered for the Meredith crisis, there were several significant economic developments during his administration, David G. Sansing writes on Mississippi History Now. Sansing notes: A series of amendments to the state’s workmen’s compensation law and the enactment of a right to work law, made Mississippi more attractive to outside industry during Barnetts term. Additionally, the state added more than 40,000 new jobs during his four years as governor, which saw the construction of industrial parks throughout the state and the establishment of a Youth Affairs Department under the Agricultural and Industrial Board. But it is the Meredith controversy that will likely forever be most closely linked to Barnetts legacy. Indeed, former U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy, who talked by phone more than a dozen times with Barnett before and during the crisis, drew a crowd of 6,000 students and faculty when he gave a speech at The University of Mississippi in 1996. After poking fun at Barnetts response at the time, Kennedy received a standing ovation. Historian Bill Doyle, the author of  American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962, says that Barnett knew integration was inevitable but needed a way to let Meredith enroll in Ole Miss without losing face with his white, pro-segregation supporters. Doyle said: Ross Barnett desperately wanted the Kennedys to flood Mississippi with combat troops because thats the only way Ross Barnett could tell his white segregationist backers, Hey I did everything I could, I fought them, but to prevent bloodshed, in the end, I made a deal. Sources John F. Kennedy, The Mississippi Crisis, Part 1: The President Calling. American Public Media.Learn About Ross Barnett. Famousbirthdays.com.McMillen, Dr. Neil. â€Å"Oral History with the Honorable Ross Robert Barnett, Former Governor of the State of Mississippi.† The University of Southern Mississippi Center for Oral History and Cultural Heritage.AP. â€Å"Ross Barnett, Segregationist, Dies; Governor of Mississippi in 1960s.†Ã‚  The New York Times, 7 Nov. 1987.â€Å"Ross Robert Barnett: Fifty-Third Governor of Mississippi: 1960-1964.†Ã‚  Mississippi History Now.

Respiratory Synovial Virus (RSV) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Respiratory Synovial Virus (RSV) - Term Paper Example Almost every child will have atleast one RSV infection in the first 3 years of life (Krilov, 2011). The disease is prevalent in most parts of the world and is associated with some morbidity and mortality. Mortality rate however is low and less than 1 percent even in hospitalized children. Increased mortality is seen only in high risk groups like immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease and prematurity (Marlais et al, 2011). In these children, even the hospital stay is prolonged. There is some evidence that infants who have suffered RSV infection are likely to develop abnormal pulmonary function tests related to asthma or obstructive disease (Krilov, 2011). It is yet unclear whether the virus itself causes the disease are those who have such problems are prone to the disease. The disease occurs in all races and both the sexes. Reinfection can occur any time in life, with limitation to upper respiratory tract. Virology The virus has 10 genes which encode 11 proteins, M2 has 2 open readin g frames. NS_ and 2 inhibit the activity of interferon-1. N encodes for the nucleocapsid protein resulting in association with the genomic RNA, forming nucleocapsid. The matrix protein that is essential for viral assembly is encoded by M. The viral coat is formed by G, SH and F. G is the surface protein and is glycosylated heavily. It mainly functions as the protein of attachment. F is also a surface protein. It mainly mediated fusion and helps in the entry of the virus into the cell and also transfer of the virus from one cell to another through syncytia (Ji, 2009). Site of infection Infection due to RSV is restricted to the respiratory tract. In young children and infant, the lower respiratory tract gets involved. The virus gets inoculated in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and the virus gradually spreads to the lower respiratory tract through cell-to-cell transfer along the syncytia (Garzon et al, 2002). Clinical presentation Clinically, the child begins with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and small airway disease many manifest within 2 days. Clinical features include coryza, cough, wheezing, few crepitations, low grade fever and poor appetite. In some children, the disease is advanced and manifests as retractions, cyanosis and low oxygen saturations on oximetry. Secondary bacterial infections are rare with RSV infection, except for otitis media which occurs in 40 percent cases. In very small infants apnea and sepsis like picture can occur. In older children, RSV is more limited to upper respiratory tract. In elderly people, RSV is a severe disease (Marlais et al, 2011). In those with immunodeficiency also, severe disease occurs. Because of decreased oral intake and increased loss of water through increased breathing, children with RSV infection are likely to be dehydrated (Krilov, 2011). Risk factors Factors associated with increased risk of developing the infection are attendance to child care, lower socioeconomic status , crowding, exposure to pollutants in the environment like traffic pollutants and smoking, absence of breast feeding, multiple births sets and family history of asthma. Other risk factors include prematurity, age less than 3 months, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, congenital immunodeficiency and severe neuromuscular